Total Hip Replacement Surgical Approach Health And Social Care Essay

Total Hip Replacement Surgical Approach Health And Social Care Essay The two most commonly used and described approaches to Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) are the anterolateral and the posterior. The anterolateral or modified Hardinge approach involves a skin incision over the greater trochanter, over or parallel with the shaft of femur. The incision is often curved posteriorly at its proximal end. Dissection is then undertaken to take advantage of the intramuscular plane between the tensor fascia lata and the gluteus medius. In the direct lateral or Hardinge approach, the acetabulum is exposed by a partial or total release of the abductor muscles (gluteus medius and minimus). This was originally achieved by a trochanteric osteotomy or detachment at their greater trochanter insertion3 described by Watson-Jones 4 and then subsequently modified by Charnley.5 The anterolateral or modified Hardinge approach, as used in Tayside, involves detaching the anterior third of the gluteus medius and minimus. This minimises the risk to the superior gluteal nerve and limits damage to the abductors.6 This modification from the original technique was described by Harris7, and Muller.8 The posterior approach involves a skin incision over the posterior aspect of the greater trochanter, proximally following inline with the gluteus maximus and distally the lateral shaft of the femur. A blunt dissection of the gluteus maximus follows emerging posterior to the abductor muscles. The external rotators (piriformis, superior and inferior gemelli and obturator internus) are then detached at the femoral insertion and reflected exposing the capsule and acetabulum.3 It was originally described by Langenbeck, and subsequently Kocher9 and finally Gibson.10 There have been numerous studies but there is still professional disagreement about which approach is the most effective for primary total hip arthroplasty. Many of the studies that have been undertaken over recent years have been considered to be deficient in both quality of study design and quantity of patients in the study sample. The Cochrane review considered four studies sufficient but only one of these included functional outcomes with the Harris Hip score.11 The study in the Cochrane review was done by Barber et al, it was limited in size, 49 patients, with a relatively short follow-up.12 Dislocation rates between these approaches have been looked at in some depth. Many studies have found a difference, while others havent. The difference is often considered minimal if good tissue repair is used in the posterior approach.13,14,15 Where this is the case, the implant has been shown to have half the amount of internal rotation (anteversion) when placed using anterolateral approac h as opposed to the posterior approach.16 This is a retrospective study aiming to use large sample groups to answer the null hypothesis that there is no difference between an anterolateral approach and a posterior approach with regards to functional outcome scores (Harris Hip Score and Trendelenburg Test for primary total hip replacement surgery). It also aims to answer the null hypothesis that there is no difference functionally in patients that suffer post-operative dislocations. To do this it will look at the pre-operative scores and post-operative scores comparing any gain or loss in function for each patient. The reasoning behind using Harris Hip Score and Trendelenburg Test is that these are commonly used, meaning any conclusions can be easily related to clinical practice. Dislocation rates between the two approaches will also be compared. Materials and Methods: The data used within this project was collected under the Tayside Arthroplasty Audit Group (TAAG) database. The objective of the TAAG database is to evaluate the clinical performance of all hip arthroplasties or hip resurfacings in Tayside. Initially there were 8153 cases with data for primary hip arthroplasties (resurfacings were not included), of these 6350 cases had undergone either an anterolateral or a posterior approach to the surgery. For this data the aim was to look at pre-operative Harris Hip score results and Trendelenburg tests and again at 1-year post-operatively. Due to this, the data was further screened to ensure that each patient had a complete set of data for these tests. Some cases didnt have data correctly collected or alternatively were not followed up at 1-year post-operatively. The resulting number of cases was 3416 with 1001 having suffered a complication within the 1-year period after surgery. These complications were medical and surgical. Not all of these co mplications had a direct effect on the function or rehabilitation of the joint. The choice of Harris Hip score and Trendelenburg Testing to test functional ability has been shown to be clinically relevant as a reference tool for assessment of improvement or deterioration of the hip joint, particularly pre-operatively and at 1-year.17,18 The Harris Hip score assesses pain, ability to complete basic tasks, deformity of the joint, and range of movement out of 100. The functional score removes the subjective areas of the full score looking specifically at functional ability out of 47. Trendelenburgs test is specifically looking at abductor deficit, although it has its recognised disadvantages.19 The need for experienced interpretation of the Trendelenburgs test is its main disadvantage, otherwise you can get false-negatives and false-positives very easily. It was considered only relevant to look at results post-operatively at 1-year, as from a patients perspective this is often the expectation of relative normality. From a surgical point of view, secondary complicat ions such as loosening of the prosthesis and deep infection are less likely to be apparent at 1 year but will have presented at 5 years.20 The TAAG database is a rolling audit of all elective hip arthroplasties or resurfacings done in Tayside. Any patient who is undergoing either of these procedures will be considered for inclusion. Exclusion criteria for audit enrolment are a previous total or cemented/uncemented hemi-arthroplasty of the affected hip or inability/unwillingness to participate in the follow up programme. If a patient consents for involvement they will be assessed pre-operatively and post-operatively, this includes radiography to assess prosthesis positioning. Data for Harris Hip Scores and Trendelenburg Test are collected at each assessment. Post-operative follow-up is at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 years and then every 2 years thereafter until the prosthesis fails. Operative procedures, local practices, technique used, antibiotic coverage, theatre type, and any other regimes are all recorded. If a patient suffers a complication, details of it, management, and final outcome are all recorded. All data is collected in the same format, if any clinical issues for a patient are found that patient will be referred back to the supervising consultant for review. The data available had a large range of implants used and was also unspecific for consultant surgeon who undertook each procedure. Positive (2)On comparing the difference between pre-operative testing to post-operative testing the groups four possible results were seen. As the outcome for Trendelenburg is categorical, each result was given a value, the pre-operative result was simply added to the post-operative, as is shown in Table 2, giving an option of 1-4. For a negative to negative (1) result the anterolateral group was 59.89% and the posterior group was 51.38%. For a positive to negative result (2) the anterolateral group was 34.39% and the posterior group was 46.40%. This shows the posterior approach corrected a Trendelenburgs positive test in 12.01% more cases than the anterolateral approach. For a negative to positive (3) result the anterolateral group was 3.52% and the posterior group was 0.55%. This shows that the anterolateral approach caused a Trendelenburgs positive test in 2.97% more cases than the posterior approach. For a positive to positive (4) result the anterolateral group was 2.18% and the posterior group was 1.65%. When comparing the two groups as a whole, a statistical significance was found (p=

Cloning Madness Essays -- Science Genetics Biology Papers

Cloning Madness Cloning, a topic that has recently caused mayhem all over the world, is possible, but will it be here to stay? The astonishing news that scientists had cloned a sheep a couple of years ago sent people into panic at the thought that humans might be next. "Cloning is a radical challenge to the most fundamental laws of biology, so it's not unreasonable to be concerned that it might threaten human society and dignity" (Macklin 64). Since most of the opposition is coming from the pure disgust of actually being able to clone species, it makes it difficult for people to get away from the emotional side of the issue and analyze the major implications cloning would have for society. To better understand this controversial issue, the pros and cons of cloning will be discussed. In "Human Cloning? Don't Just Say No," Ruth Macklin states that while human cloning might not offer any benefits, no one has yet made a persuasive case that it would do any real harm either. Theologians contend that to clone a human would violate human dignity...But why suppose that cloned persons wouldn't share the same rights and dignity as the rest of us? ...There's the fear...that parents might clone a child to have 'spare parts' in case the original child needs an organ transplant. But parents of identical twins don't view one child as an organ farm for the other. Why should cloned children's parents be any different? ...Even if human cloning offers no obvious benefits to society why ban it? (64) Macklin also states that in a democratic society we don't usually pass laws outlawing things before there is actual or probable evidence of harm. The same laws that now protect human rights should govern human cloning. "A world not safe ... ... March 10, 1997: 59-63. Kluger, Jeffrey. "Will We Follow the Sheep?" Time March 10, 1997: 69-72. Kolata, Gina. "Scientist Urge Senators Not to Rush to Ban Human Cloning." The New York Times March 13, 1997. Lewis, Thomas. "The Hazards of Science." The Presence of Others. Eds. Andrea A. Lunsford, John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997. 236-242. Macklin, Ruth. "Human Cloning? Don't Just Say No." U.S. News & World Report March 10, 1997: 64. Nash, J. Madeline. "The Age of Cloning." Time March 17, 1997: 62-72. Savage, David. "3 to 5 Year Ban on Any Human Cloning Is Urged." The Los Angeles Times June 8, 1997. Shelley, Mary. "Frankenstein." The Presence of Others. Eds. Andrea A. Lunsford, John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997. 230-235. Stipp, David. "The Real Biotech Revolution." Fortune March 31, 1997: 54. Cloning Madness Essays -- Science Genetics Biology Papers Cloning Madness Cloning, a topic that has recently caused mayhem all over the world, is possible, but will it be here to stay? The astonishing news that scientists had cloned a sheep a couple of years ago sent people into panic at the thought that humans might be next. "Cloning is a radical challenge to the most fundamental laws of biology, so it's not unreasonable to be concerned that it might threaten human society and dignity" (Macklin 64). Since most of the opposition is coming from the pure disgust of actually being able to clone species, it makes it difficult for people to get away from the emotional side of the issue and analyze the major implications cloning would have for society. To better understand this controversial issue, the pros and cons of cloning will be discussed. In "Human Cloning? Don't Just Say No," Ruth Macklin states that while human cloning might not offer any benefits, no one has yet made a persuasive case that it would do any real harm either. Theologians contend that to clone a human would violate human dignity...But why suppose that cloned persons wouldn't share the same rights and dignity as the rest of us? ...There's the fear...that parents might clone a child to have 'spare parts' in case the original child needs an organ transplant. But parents of identical twins don't view one child as an organ farm for the other. Why should cloned children's parents be any different? ...Even if human cloning offers no obvious benefits to society why ban it? (64) Macklin also states that in a democratic society we don't usually pass laws outlawing things before there is actual or probable evidence of harm. The same laws that now protect human rights should govern human cloning. "A world not safe ... ... March 10, 1997: 59-63. Kluger, Jeffrey. "Will We Follow the Sheep?" Time March 10, 1997: 69-72. Kolata, Gina. "Scientist Urge Senators Not to Rush to Ban Human Cloning." The New York Times March 13, 1997. Lewis, Thomas. "The Hazards of Science." The Presence of Others. Eds. Andrea A. Lunsford, John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997. 236-242. Macklin, Ruth. "Human Cloning? Don't Just Say No." U.S. News & World Report March 10, 1997: 64. Nash, J. Madeline. "The Age of Cloning." Time March 17, 1997: 62-72. Savage, David. "3 to 5 Year Ban on Any Human Cloning Is Urged." The Los Angeles Times June 8, 1997. Shelley, Mary. "Frankenstein." The Presence of Others. Eds. Andrea A. Lunsford, John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997. 230-235. Stipp, David. "The Real Biotech Revolution." Fortune March 31, 1997: 54.

Lab Report Conclusion

Conclusion In this experiment, we measured the mass of 4 gasses; oxygen, carbon dioxide, helium, and lab gas. We took a Ziplock bag, and turned into a non-stretchy balloon, and filled with each gas and measured the apparent mass then calculated the actual mass, then find a ratio between the mass of oxygen and the other gasses. We tried to keep the pressure about the same each time so our calculations would be more accurate. We found out that the heaviest was carbon dioxide, and the lightest was helium.In fact, helium and lab gas had a density below 0. Anyways, it turned out that our apparent masses were very different from our actual mass calculations; for example oxygen’s apparent mass was 28. 33g but its actual mass was 4. 10g. We also found the ratios, and after collecting class data, our carbon dioxide ratio was 1. 39/1g, our helium ratio was . 21/1g, and our lab gas ratio was . 59/1g. Then we had to come up with two hypotheses to figure out why one gas is heavier (denser) than another?Well, we came up with hypothesis #1: The different molecule mass hypothesis, and hypothesis #2: The more molecules in the same volume hypothesis. After having a class discussion, turns out that hypothesis one is more reliable due to Avogadro’s hypothesis; if two gasses at the same temperature and equal volume contain equal amount of molecules. So according to the statement above, the carbon dioxide molecules must be 1. 39x bigger than an oxygen molecule, a helium molecule must be . 21x bigger, and . 59x bigger than an oxygen molecule.

Comparing Amy Tans Mother Tongue and Gloria Anzulduas...

ESSAY #9: ISSUE OF LANGUAGE AND IDENTITY Identity is the essential core of who we are as individuals, the conscious experience of the self inside - Kaufman (AnzuldÏ a 62). Coming to America and speaking more than one language, I often face similar situations as Gloria AnzaldÏ a and Amy Tan. Going to high school where personal image is a big part of a student s life is very nerve racking. American Values are often forced upon students and a certain way of life is expected of them. Many times, in America, people look down on people who do not accept the American Way of Life. The struggle of fitting in and accepting the cultural background is a major point in both essays, _Mother Tongue_ by Amy Tan and _How to Tame a Wild Tongue_ by†¦show more content†¦The outcome of trying to express herself in her true nature often got her punished severely. Tan feels less fortunate to have been in an immigrant family because many of her opportunities were taken away because of that. While growing up, Tan believed that because her mother s English †¦had an

Immigration A Concept At Odds American Culture - 998 Words

Immigration: A concept at odds in American Culture On any given day, any media connected American will be bombarded by numerous views and commentaries on the immigration debate. On this Saturday morning, the 30th of January 2016, a perusal of CNN main homepage leads to 6 direct or indirect (political due to the upcoming election) references to the immigration debate. It is a hot topic in the media and it is a source of constant argument and rhetoric for and against with very little resolution or decisional procedure ever finalized. In my opinion the real debate comes down to the base concept of legal immigration versus illegal immigration. In order to define legal immigration we have to accept that there are a few mutually agreed upon facts within our constitution. First our government has a mandatory requirement to keeps its citizens and the American â€Å"way†, safe, against all enemies foreign and domestic. In addition, article 1 of the constitution doesn’t include any power to restrict migration as such, even though it does include the power to make laws concerning the â€Å"naturalization† of foreigners and â€Å"regulate Commerce with foreign Nations.† The Naturalization Clause does not create a power to prevent foreigners from entering the country. It merely allows Congress to set conditions for the grant of citizenship. And finally there is a ton of â€Å"myths† concerning immigration versus illegal immigration that can be intellectually disputed and proven, but rar ely areShow MoreRelatedImmigration Trying to Achieve the â€Å"American Dream† Essay1298 Words   |  6 Pagesshows that many struggles of Indian immigration into America. When immigrants come to America, it is believed to achieve the American dream of freedom and success. 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In sharp contrast with micro-level decision models, this newer economic theory hinges on the belief

The Cold War During World War II - 2003 Words

The Cold War was known as the period from the end of World War II until the collapse of the Soviet Union1 in 1991. It featured many government standings and rivalries such as political, economic, military, and diplomatic! Stunned in a clash between two very diverse ways of life, The Cold War was a competition for Power and Global Influence between the world s two superpowers at the current time. After World War II which America and The Soviet Union fought together as allies against Adolf Hitler and the Nazi s, the two Countries found it extremely difficult to communicate in the Current World we live in. Noted by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill in 1946, an Iron Curtain seemed to separate the East, dominated by the Soviet Union,†¦show more content†¦Capitalism means that, well any and every businesses and market forces with supply and demand determine what goods are available in their markets and what the prices they want those goods to be are. Everything, land, shops , housing, industries, and land are for the most part, owned by private individuals or companies instead of the collective whole. And in The United States political system, a democracy, every single citizen chose their leaders by voting them into office by elections that are free and fair. Governmental oversight however of every day life is very minimal, allowing its individuals to make each and every one of their decisions on their own free will. As to what career they want to pursue, where they want to live, what they want to eat, etc. Although each system had benefits and disadvantages, during The Cold War both the Soviet Union and The United States were viewing the other s system as incorrect and a threat to their own system. Both countries worried that the other may indeed one day attempt to spread its ideology throughout the world. The United States was unwilling to live in a world, as where communism dominated and out ruled, and The Soviet Union felt very similar about living in a situation to where they would be under capitalism. Communist tent to believe that capitalism is indeed a selfish ideology as it ignores the needs of the communities. According to staunch communist and Cuban president Fidel Castro, Why do we believe that theShow MoreRelatedThe Cold War During World War II930 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was political hostility between the United States of America and the Soviet Union through threats, propaganda and series of warfare incidents that made these superpowers of the time suspicious of one another. With the sources of the reader I will explain who’s to be at fault for the Cold war, the United States or the Soviet Union. 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Study about Grand Wines

Question: Discuss about the Garand Wines. Answer: Introduction The report reflects on the organization Grand Wines which utilizes manual system for managing its different operations. The use of manual system within Grand Wines creates number of challenges including wrong entry of sales within the database of the organization, dissatisfaction among the customers and late delivery of products (Grand Wine Spirits, 2017). For resolving the challenges, the organization wants to implement wireless data entry device. The device not only helps in resolving the problems but also helps in enhancing the speed of the delivery of the product. In this assignment scope, management plan is prepared which comprises of various needs of the project, both in scope-as well as out-scope items, deliverables and scope verification process. The project provides proper overview of the tasks that are needed for completing the project with the help of the Work Breakdown structure. With the help of the Gantt chart, different types of activities of the projects are defined and a time-phase budget is generated in order to complete the project within the estimated budget, which are around 60,000.00. The report also focuses on risk register for illustrating the various risks, which are associated with the development of the project. Scope Management Plan The wireless data entry device implementation in Grand Wines is very much cost-effective and it helps in saving the time requirement of the organization, which is considered as one of the significant benefit for the organization. The system helps in reducing the effort of the employees by increasing both the sales as well as income of the organization. The project must be able to recover budget that is proposed within the limited time-period. Requirement The organizations have numerous requirements for developing as well as completing the project successfully. The requirements include: Server: Installation of remote server is much important for implementing the project successfully in different local areas. The server must be connected with the central database of the organization, which is located in the region of Sydney (Joslin Muller, 2015). The sales representatives of Grand Wines enter the data within the database with the help of the wireless data entry device, which helps in minimizing the loss of data due to longer transmission. Application: It is quite important to have software interface as they helps in managing various information as well as data that are associated with the orders of the customers. The managers of Grand wine can mange as the data properly and they have full access on the information (Kerzner, 2013). This application also assists in sorting different types of data that helps in generating invoice as well as helps in managing the various inventories. Power Supply: The presence of a backup power supply is very much important requirement for implementing the project successfully. The backup power supply helps in providing secondary power to the different servers as well as to the networking devices in situation of power failure (Meng, 2012).Thus, the presence of backup power does not allow the system to shut down. ERP system: The ERP system helps in storing the various data and information of the organization properly. It helps in making all the operations of the system automatic and as a result, the consistency of the system enhances. It helps in reducing the problem including incorrect entry of data, delayed delivery and dissatisfaction among various stakeholders of the organization. Disaster recovery Plan: The data, which is entered in the database of the organization must be duplicated as well as stored in various cloud servers. If there is any fault in the present system then the information as well as data can be recovered properly (Bozarth Handfield, 2016). The loss of data is a huge loss for the company for storing the data remotely in various locations. Hardware: Different types of networking peripherals as well as hardware are needed for securing as well as setting up the system properly. Security Measures: The implementation of wireless data entry system raises numerous vulnerabilities, which are associated with different types of attacks (Chia, 2013).Therefore, it is quite important to monitor the system with the help of several security measures that helps in restricting the unauthorized access into the system. In scope-out scope items In-scope items In order to develop the project successfully, the main task that needs to be performed under the in scope item is the budget estimation of the project. The project manager of Grand Wines must have the responsibility to monitor the various monetary resources. They also help in arranging weekly meeting with the different stakeholders of the organization for developing the project successfully. The developing team of the organization must have proper as well as sound knowledge regarding the various tasks, which are assigned to them in order to complete the project successfully on time. Out-Scope items For avoiding various challenges as well as legal issues, it is very much important that the wireless data entry devices must meet all the legal standards. It is very much important to have proper connection between the server of the database as well as the devices. The devices must be accessible from any of the remote location. Deliverables The deliverables of the project comprises of various project charter document, WBS, scope statement, scheduling and preparation of Gantt chart. The time phase budget helps in reflecting the total budget estimation of the organization for implementing Wireless data entry device. The risk register, which is prepared in the project, helps in analyzing the risk, which is associated with the development of the project. Scope Verification Process The scope of the project must be verified for preparing the document properly, which is required for presenting the project before the CEO of Grand Wines. The requirement as well as need of the project must be identified properly for developing the implementation process of wireless entry of devices successfully. The various benefits of the project must be identified and documented properly for future use. It is also important to identify the various risks, which are related with the development of the project, and mitigation plans must be implemented in order to resolve the issues during various procedure of documentation. WBS Figure 1: Work Break down Structure (Source: Created by Author) Gantt chart Figure 2: Gantt chart (Source: Created by Author) Resource Sheet Resource Name Type Initials Max. Units Std. Rate Accrue At Base Calendar Project Manager Work P 100% $30.00/hr Prorated Standard System Analyst Work S 100% $20.00/hr Prorated Standard Graphic Designer Work G 100% $20.00/hr Prorated Standard Application Programmer Work A 100% $15.00/hr Prorated Standard Web system Expert Work W 100% $20.00/hr Prorated Standard Program Team Member_1 Work P 100% $15.00/hr Prorated Standard Program Team Member_2 Work P 100% $15.00/hr Prorated Standard Quality Assurance Tester Work Q 100% $20.00/hr Prorated Standard Database Administrator Work D 100% $15.00/hr Prorated Standard Team Member_1 Work T 100% $10.00/hr Prorated Standard Team Member_2 Work T 100% $10.00/hr Prorated Standard Time phase Budget Figure 3: Time Phase Budget (Source: Created by Author) It is identified that different types of assumptions as well as constraints are discussed for developing the time-phase budget. The different types of assumptions which are needed before creating the time phase budget includes the number of employees required for developing the project successfully, raw materials needed, budget estimation and different types of activities required for developing the project properly. There are three types of constraints, which are needed for completing the project successfully. The constraints are: Schedule: The project manager must follow proper schedule while completing the project. If the activities are not followed in proper schedule then the development of the project gets obstructed. Cost: The project cost must be estimated within proper properly before implementation of the project. Any problem in the estimation can obstruct the development process of the project. Scope: It is very much important to complete the entire project within proper as well as estimated time and budget. If project managers are unable to complete it within estimated budget and time then different types of problem occurs. Risk Register No. Rank Risk Description Category Root Cause Triggers Potential Responses Risk Owner Probability Impact Status R44 1 Risk due to high-budget When the cost of raw materials increases or the money spend on the implementation of various procedures increases they number of issue arises. The challenges may obstruct the implementation of project. The risk is related with the company The main cause of over budget is due improper management of expense, or due to increase in the prices or cost of the raw material. The rise of the cost of material, increase in labour cost, improper management of expenses etc are considered as triggers in enhancing the budget of the project. The organizational manager must maintain the cash flow of the orrganization properly or the expenses in the project must be done properly. Manager of the project. High High It is very much important to arrange meetings on the weekly basis in order to resolve the challenges that are associated with over budgeting. R21 2 Risk that occur due to presence of improper management Improper management within the organization leads to number of challenges that may also obstruct the implementation of the project. It mainly arises due to improper bonding between the various stakeholders of the organization. The risk is associated with the project The main reason behind improper management is absence of proper bonding between the stakeholders of the organization, or due to absence of proper rules and policies within the organization. The collision between the various stakeholders, rise in the budget of the project and absence of proper communication between the stakeholders assists in increasing the problem further. It is very much important for the organization to have proper internal relation between the various stakeholders. Project manager Medium Medium It is very much important to analyse the development of the project properly in order to manage the progress of the project effectively. R7 3 Risk due to obsolete technology The outdated technology raises number of risks in the implementation of wireless data entry device. It causes problems in managing the project properly. Project Risk The main root cause of the problem is due to improper management or absence of proper infrastructure for implementing the project successfully. The employee of the organization needs training for using the new system, which act as a trigger in increasing the problem that is associated with outdated technology. Proper technology must be utilized in order to improve the system. The improvement in the system leads to minimization of challenges. System Developer Medium High The organization is avoiding outdated technology and trying to use innovative technology for implementing the project. R2 4 Implementation of new as well as innovative technology Proper technology helps in implementing the project successfully. The opportunity for the project increases. The new technology leads to the development of differed procedures of the project successfully. It is very much important to have a system expert, for developing the implementation of wireless data entry system effectively. The system expert have proper experience as well as knowledge on the innovative technology which further helps in the development of the project. System analyst and expert Low Medium New technical expert must be hired for developing as well as implementing the project properly. Conclusion It can be concluded that the implementation of wireless data entry system in the organization helps in solving all the challenges of the organization Grand Wines that the organization faces due to the use of manual system. The implementation of the project needs proper planning as well as preparation of report. The implementation of new data entry system is very much advantageous as it helps in resolving the challenges that includes wrong entry of sales within the database of the organization, dissatisfaction among the customers and late delivery of products. With the help of the new system, the employees can have proper communication with the central database of the organization. It is very much important the resources as well as revenue should be managed properly in order to implement the project effectively. References Alotaibi, A. B., Mafimisebi, O. P. (2016). Project Management Practice: Redefining Theoretical Challenges in the 21st Century.Project Management,7(1). Bassi, A. (2015). General Management Principles in the Project Management Context. InManaging Intellectual Capital and Innovation for Sustainable and Inclusive Society: Managing Intellectual Capital and Innovation; Proceedings of the MakeLearn and TIIM Joint International Conference 2015. ToKnowPress. 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